Sampling the surface
Adjuvants including CpG and poly(I:C) can recruit local immune cells. A central thread links epithelial CCL20 to CD103+ dendritic-cell sampling and antigen transport.
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Mucosal
Mucosal
vaccines
Delivering antigens at the nose or gut to engage local defenses where infection begins.
Evidence map01
Poultry and swine
The evidence spans chickens, pigs and piglets, nasal and intestinal tissue, and epithelial–dendritic-cell systems.
Route-to-response tests
Route comparisons, antibody and cytokine assays, histology, immune-cell counts, challenge studies, viral shedding, and nasal transcriptomics.
Match defense to entry
The program tests whether non-injectable vaccines can organize immunity at the same surfaces used by respiratory and enteric pathogens.
Independent editorial synthesis · reviewed 7 September 2026
ORCID 0000-0002-2349-0028 · NJAU College of Veterinary Medicine
Representative evidence
Six papers selected for conceptual importance and temporal coverage. They are examples, not a substitute for the complete reconciled bibliography.
Effect of compound mucosal immune adjuvant on mucosal and systemic immune responses in chicken orally vaccinated with attenuated Newcastle-disease vaccine
Compound adjuvants increased local immune-cell and antibody measures in chickens; this is immunogenicity evidence, not field-effectiveness evidence.
Official bibliography role: Correspondence AuthorXiaofei Zhang, Xiaowen Zhang, Qian Yang Open source record · DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.052 ↗
Co-administration of inactivated avian influenza virus with CpG or rIL-2 strongly enhances the local immune response after intranasal immunization in chicken
CpG or recombinant IL-2 strengthened local cellular and antibody-associated readouts after intranasal H5N2 immunization; the abstract does not report challenge protection.
Official bibliography role: Correspondence AuthorXiaowen Zhang, Yu Qinghua, Zhang XiaoFei, Qian Yang Open source record · DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.023 ↗
Co-administration of attenuated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 168 strain with bacterial DNA enhances the local and systemic immune response after intranasal vaccination in pigs
CpG-containing bacterial DNA broadened local and systemic responses after intranasal vaccination in pigs, while the authors stopped short of claiming field protection.
Official bibliography role: Correspondence AuthorYunfeng Li, Pengcheng Li, Xueping Wang, Qinghua Yu, Qian Yang Open source record · DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.028 ↗
CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Facilitate Delivery of Whole Inactivated H9N2 Influenza Virus via Transepithelial Dendrites of Dendritic Cells in Nasal Mucosa
The study links epithelial CCL20 to CD103+ dendritic-cell recruitment, transepithelial sampling, and transport of whole inactivated virus to draining lymph nodes.
Official bibliography role: Correspondence AuthorTao Qin, Yinyan Yin, Qinghua Yu, Lulu Huang, Xiaoqing Wang, Jian Lin, Qian Yang Open source record · DOI 10.1128/jvi.00296-15 ↗
CpG DNA facilitate the inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus in enhancing the local and systemic immune response of pigs via oral administration
Oral TGEV plus CpG increased mucosal and systemic immune measures; the abstract explicitly leaves protective efficacy for further study.
Official bibliography role: Correspondence AuthorJian Lin, Chongzhi Tu, Chunxiao Mou, Xiaojuan Chen, Qian Yang Open source record · DOI 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.013 ↗
Intranasal vaccination with gB adjuvanted by poly(I:C) induces complete protection against pseudorabies virus in swine.
Within the reported swine experiment, intranasal gB/poly(I:C) prevented clinical signs and lesions and reduced virus and shedding while organizing local immunity.
Independently verified record · role not statedLi S, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Gao Q, Liu J, Zhu Y, Bao Y, Zhang Y, Yang Q Open source record · DOI 10.1016/j.vetmic.2026.110935 ↗
Read as a program,
not a priority claim.
These overlapping themes are an editorial synthesis of the publication record. They do not claim sole scientific ownership, clinical validation, regulatory approval, or independent replication. Titles and bibliographic facts come from the reconciled record; explanatory summaries are constrained to the cited evidence.
Explore all themes01—04